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How LCD works

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  • The source of light produces a light. The light passes through
    liquid crystal, its intensity is influenced by other layers,
    especially by liquid crystal.
    Basic structure: two layers made of glass, liquid crystal
    between them.
    • The flow of light is controlled by the voltage applied to the
    liquid crystal (between color filter glass and TFT glass).
    • According to the voltage applied, the structure of the liquid
    crystal rotates (different angle for different pixel/subpixels) –
    thus for each pixel/subpixel different amount of light passes
    through the liquid crystal.
    • TFT glass – transistors are on the surface, each of them
    controls the voltage brought to ITO electrode. 
    • Front glass – Colored RGB filters on the surface. They develop
    each color in the intensity corresponding to the amount of light
    passing through the liquid crystal.
    • The electrode on the side of screen is common for all pixels.
    • The voltages brought to signal lines are derived from values transferred through DVI (from graphics adapter to monitor).
    • On the glass layer, the number of transistors is the same as the number of pixels multiplied by 3 (each pixel consists of 3 subpixels) – the number of TFTs might be a problem from the 11 technological point of view (the association with the resolution required).
    • Each subpixel has its own transistor, ITO electrode and capacitor.
    • Note: in mono monitor there should be no subpixels but just one TFT (transistor) for each pixel.
    • By scanning the gate bus-lines sequentially, and by applying signal voltages to all signal lines in a specified sequence, we can address all pixels. One result of all this is that the addressing of an LCD is done line by line.
    • Mono LCDs are designed to produce gray levels - intermediate brightness levels between the brightest white and the darkest black a unit pixel can generate. There can be either a discrete numbers of levels - such as 8, 16, 64, or 256 - or a continuous gradation of levels, depending on the LCD monitor.